Introduction to Data-Driven Framework

A Data-Driven Framework is a widely used test automation framework in which test scripts are designed to run multiple times using different sets of input data. The main idea is to separate test data from test scripts, allowing the same test logic to be executed with various data combinations. This approach improves test coverage, reusability, and maintainability of automated tests.

How Data-Driven Framework Works

Test Data Storage

Test data is stored externally in files such as Excel, CSV, XML, JSON, or databases.

Each row of data represents a new test scenario.

Test Script

A single automation script reads data from the external source.

The script loops through multiple data sets and executes the same test steps repeatedly.

Test Execution

The framework fetches data dynamically and feeds it into the application under test.

Results are recorded for each data set.

Reporting

Test results are logged and reported separately for every data iteration.

Example of Data-Driven Test Data (Excel)

Test Case Username Password Expected Result

TC_01 user1 pass1 Success

TC_02 user2 wrongpwd Failure

TC_03 admin admin123 Success

The same login script will execute three times using the above data.

Advantages of Data-Driven Framework

Improved Test Coverage

Multiple combinations of input data can be tested without writing new scripts.

Reusability

One script can be reused for different test scenarios by simply changing the data.

Easy Maintenance

Changes in test data do not require changes in test scripts.

Reduced Code Duplication

Avoids writing repetitive test scripts for similar test cases.

Supports Automation at Scale

Ideal for regression testing and large applications.

Disadvantages of Data-Driven Framework

Initial Setup Complexity

Requires effort to design data handling and integration with scripts.

Test Data Management

Large data files must be maintained carefully to avoid errors.

Limited Readability for Non-Technical Users

Compared to keyword-driven frameworks, data-driven tests may be less intuitive for business users.

Key Components of Data-Driven Framework

Test Script

Core automation logic written using tools or programming languages.

Test Data Source

External files (Excel, CSV, database, etc.) containing input and expected output.

Data Reader

Utility or library that reads data from the data source.

Test Runner

Executes test scripts for each data set.

Reporting Mechanism

Generates execution results for each iteration.

Tools Commonly Used with Data-Driven Framework

Selenium (with TestNG, JUnit, PyTest)

UFT/QTP

TestComplete

Appium

Cypress

Data-Driven vs Keyword-Driven Framework

Aspect Data-Driven Keyword-Driven

Focus Test data Test actions (keywords)

Script Logic Written in code Driven by keywords

Best For Multiple input variations Business-readable test cases

User Skill Technical Semi-technical / Non-technical

Conclusion

The Data-Driven Framework is an effective approach for automating test cases that require validation with multiple data sets. By separating test logic from test data, it enhances reusability, maintainability, and scalability of test automation. It is especially useful for applications with repetitive workflows and varying inputs, such as login, form validation, and data processing systems.

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December 13, 2025